A Structured Engineering Review And Multi-Criteria Assessment Of Bio-Based Resins For Automotive Composites

Teuku Marjuni, Fauzi Ibrahim

Abstract


Abstract

Automotive composite selection increasingly integrates lightweighting, circularity, and renewable-carbon objectives. Resin choice must therefore be evaluated through mechanical, thermal, durability, manufacturing, and end-of-life requirements rather than renewable content alone. This study presents a structured integrative engineering review and multi-criteria assessment of bio-based matrix routes for automotive composites. The auditable corpus contains 23 sources: 22 peer-reviewed technical studies and four policy or industry sources used only for contextual statements. Technical evidence was coded across eight criteria using an explicit 0-10 rubric: mechanical capability, specific stiffness, thermal window, moisture durability, process readiness, bio-carbon benefit, circularity potential, and supply maturity. Five matrix routes were assessed with author-assigned automotive-design weights and a 100,000-iteration sensitivity analysis in which each weight was varied independently by +/-20% and renormalized. Bio-based engineering thermoplastics represented by PA11 and bio-PE achieved the highest base score (7.56), followed by aromatic lignin/vanillin bio-epoxy (7.23) and furan/itaconic thermosets (6.80). The leading route remained first in all simulations, with a 5th-95th percentile interval of 7.51-7.61. The results support near-term use in interior panels, trunk liners, seat backs, acoustic covers, and selected semi-structural parts. Moisture uptake, low glass-transition temperature in flexible systems, fire and smoke compliance, cure time, natural-fiber variability, and end-of-life separation remain the principal validation barriers

Keywords: 

automotive composites; bio-based epoxy; bio-based thermoplastics; multi-criteria assessment; sustainable manufacturing


Abstrak

Pemilihan material komposit otomotif semakin mempertimbangkan pengurangan bobot, sirkularitas, dan penggunaan karbon terbarukan. Oleh karena itu, pemilihan resin perlu dievaluasi berdasarkan persyaratan mekanik, termal, ketahanan, proses manufaktur, dan pengelolaan akhir masa pakai, bukan hanya berdasarkan kandungan bahan terbarukan. Penelitian ini menyajikan tinjauan rekayasa integratif yang terstruktur dan penilaian multikriteria terhadap berbagai jenis matriks berbasis hayati untuk komposit otomotif. Bukti teknis diklasifikasikan ke dalam delapan kriteria menggunakan rubrik penilaian eksplisit berskala 0–10, yaitu kemampuan mekanik, kekakuan spesifik, rentang ketahanan termal, ketahanan terhadap kelembapan, kesiapan proses, manfaat karbon hayati, potensi sirkularitas, dan kematangan pasokan. Lima kelompok matriks dinilai menggunakan bobot yang ditetapkan berdasarkan pertimbangan desain otomotif. Stabilitas hasil pemeringkatan selanjutnya diuji melalui 100.000 iterasi analisis sensitivitas, dengan setiap bobot divariasikan secara independen sebesar ±20% dan dinormalisasi kembali. Termoplastik rekayasa berbasis hayati yang diwakili oleh PA11 dan bio-PE memperoleh skor dasar tertinggi sebesar 7,56, diikuti oleh bio-epoksi aromatik berbasis lignin/vanilin sebesar 7,23 dan termoset berbasis furan/itakonat sebesar 6,80. Kelompok matriks dengan peringkat tertinggi tetap menempati posisi pertama dalam seluruh simulasi, dengan rentang persentil ke-5 hingga ke-95 sebesar 7,51–7,61. Hasil penelitian mendukung pemanfaatan material tersebut dalam jangka pendek pada panel interior, pelapis bagasi, sandaran kursi, penutup akustik, dan sejumlah komponen semistruktural. Namun, penyerapan kelembapan, rendahnya temperatur transisi kaca pada sistem yang fleksibel, pemenuhan persyaratan ketahanan api dan asap, waktu pengerasan, variasi karakteristik serat alam, serta pemisahan material pada akhir masa pakai masih menjadi kendala utama yang memerlukan validasi lebih lanjut.

 Kata kunci: 

komposit otomotif; bio-epoksi; termoplastik berbasis hayati; penilaian multikriteria; manufaktur berkelanjutan


Keywords


automotive composites; bio-based epoxy; bio-based thermoplastics; multi-criteria assessment; sustainable manufacturing

Full Text:

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.38038/vocatech.v8i2.334

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