Influence of Ecu Calibration on Brake Thermal Efficiency, Exhaust Heat Availability, and Engine-Out Emissions in A Spark-Ignition Engine
Abstract
Abstract
This study examines how Engine Control Unit (ECU) calibration parameters—ignition timing advance (ITA) and excess-air ratio (λ)—affect brake thermal efficiency (BTE), estimated exhaust heat availability (Qex), and engine-out emissions in a gasoline-fuelled spark-ignition engine. A four-cylinder, 1598 cm³, naturally aspirated engine equipped with a programmable Motec M130 ECU was tested using ITA settings of 20°, 24°, 28°, and 32° before top dead centre (BTDC), λ values of 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1, engine speeds of 1500–4000 rpm, and four load levels, yielding 288 steady-state operating conditions with three acquisitions per condition. Integrated comparisons were restricted to 3000 rpm at full load so that efficiency, thermal, and emission variables represented the same operating point. BTE peaked at 34.2% at 28° BTDC and λ = 1.0, representing a 9.6% relative increase over 20° BTDC. At 28° BTDC, Qex calculated from measured exhaust mass flow and exhaust-gas temperature was 31.1 kW at λ = 0.9, 26.3 kW at λ = 1.0, and 22.3 kW at λ = 1.1. Relative to stoichiometric operation, rich calibration increased CO by 131% and HC by 58%, whereas lean calibration reduced CO by 50% and NOx by 17.9% but increased HC by 22.2%. Among the tested conditions at the common operating point, 28° BTDC and λ = 1.0 provided the best overall compromise, combining maximum BTE, minimum HC, and moderate exhaust thermal potential. The results represent steady-state engine-out behaviour and should not be interpreted as tailpipe emission compliance or directly recoverable waste-heat-recovery power.
Keywords:
Brake Thermal Efficiency; ECU Calibration; Engine-Out Emissions; Exhaust Heat Availability; Waste Heat Recovery.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh parameter kalibrasi Engine Control Unit (ECU), yaitu kemajuan waktu pengapian (ITA) dan rasio udara berlebih (λ), terhadap brake thermal efficiency (BTE), estimasi ketersediaan panas gas buang (Qex), dan emisi engine-out pada mesin bensin berpengapian bunga api. Mesin empat silinder berkapasitas 1598 cm³ yang dilengkapi ECU programmable Motec M130 diuji pada ITA 20°, 24°, 28°, dan 32° sebelum titik mati atas (BTDC), λ sebesar 0,9; 1,0; dan 1,1, putaran 1500–4000 rpm, serta empat tingkat beban. Matriks pengujian menghasilkan 288 kondisi tunak dengan tiga kali akuisisi pada setiap kondisi. Perbandingan terpadu dibatasi pada 3000 rpm dan beban penuh agar variabel efisiensi, termal, dan emisi berasal dari titik operasi yang sama. Nilai BTE tertinggi sebesar 34,2% diperoleh pada 28° BTDC dan λ = 1,0, atau meningkat 9,6% secara relatif dibandingkan 20° BTDC. Pada 28° BTDC, Qex yang dihitung dari laju aliran massa dan temperatur gas buang adalah 31,1 kW pada λ = 0,9, 26,3 kW pada λ = 1,0, dan 22,3 kW pada λ = 1,1. Dibandingkan kondisi stoikiometri, kalibrasi kaya meningkatkan CO sebesar 131% dan HC sebesar 58%, sedangkan kalibrasi miskin menurunkan CO sebesar 50% dan NOx sebesar 17,9%, tetapi meningkatkan HC sebesar 22,2%. Di antara kondisi yang diuji pada titik operasi yang sama, 28° BTDC dan λ = 1,0 memberikan kompromi terbaik karena menghasilkan BTE maksimum, HC minimum, dan potensi termal gas buang yang moderat. Hasil penelitian ini merepresentasikan kondisi tunak engine-out dan tidak dapat langsung diartikan sebagai kepatuhan emisi tailpipe atau daya WHR yang benar-benar dapat dipulihkan.
Kata Kunci:
Efisiensi Termal Rem; Emisi Engine-Out; Kalibrasi ECU; Ketersediaan Panas Buang; Pemulihan Panas Buang.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.38038/vocatech.v8i2.359
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Vocatech : Vocational and Technology Journal
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